Formerly known as Reiter’s syndrome, reactive arthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that typically affects the joints, eyes, and urinary tract. By throwing light on its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options, this blog offers an overview of reactive arthritis.
What is Reactive Arthritis?
Reactive arthritis is an inflammatory condition that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body, commonly the intestines, urinary tract, or genitals. Unlike typical arthritis, it does not start in the joints. Although the immune system begins fighting off the initial infection, it eventually (mistakenly) attacks the joints, leading to pain and swelling.
Reactive Arthritis Symptoms
The symptoms of reactive arthritis generally appear a few weeks after the infection and can include joint pain and swelling, particularly in the knees, ankles, and feet. Some individuals also experience inflammation in the eyes (conjunctivitis or uveitis), and urinary problems like pain during urination. Skin issues such as rashes or lesions might occur. Let’s take a closer look at the symptoms of reactive arthritis:
Joint Pain and Swelling
Joint pain and swelling, particularly in the knees, ankles, and feet, are the most common symptoms of reactive arthritis. It can also affect the heels, toes, fingers, and lower back. The pain may be accompanied by warmth and redness in the affected joints.
Urinary Problems
Urinary problems, such as pain or burning during urination (dysuria), increased frequency of urination, and discharge from the penis or vagina, are typical of reactive arthritis. Often associated with a genitourinary infection, these symptoms are more common in men.
Conjunctivitis and Uveitis
Eye inflammation, also known as conjunctivitis, is another common symptom of reactive arthritis. This condition can cause redness, pain, and irritation in one or both eyes. Uveitis is a more severe form of eye inflammation that can lead to blurred vision, pain, and light sensitivity.
Enthesitis
Enthesitis, inflammation where tendons and ligaments attach to bone, is a common symptom of reactive arthritis. It often affects the Achilles tendon, causing pain at the back of the heel.
Skin Problems
Skin problems, such as rash on the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, or around the genitals is common in reactive arthritis. Another skin issue is keratoderma blennorrhagicum which is characterized by thickened and keratinized skin, primarily affecting the feet, hands, and nails. Clinically and histopathologically, it resembles psoriasis.
General Symptoms
General symptoms of reactive arthritis may include:
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
Some people may also experience inflammation of the tendons (tendinitis) or ligaments (ligamentitis).
Reactive Arthritis Causes
Although the exact cause of reactive arthritis is difficult to ascertain, it is believed that certain infection in the body triggers an abnormal immune response, leading to inflammation in the joints and other tissues. The most common causes of reactive arthritis include:
Bacterial Infections
Bacterial infections, particularly of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, are the primary triggers for reactive arthritis. Some of these include:
- Chlamydia trachomatis: A sexually transmitted infection that impacts the genitourinary tract
- Salmonella: A foodborne pathogen that typically causes gastroenteritis
- Campylobacter: A common cause of food poisoning and gastroenteritis
- Shigella: A bacterium that causes severe diarrhea and dysentery
- Yersinia: A bacterium that causes gastrointestinal infections
Reactive Arthritis Diagnosis
Owing to the variability of symptoms, it is sometimes difficult to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis of reactive arthritis right away. However a comprehensive approach that includes medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies can help in arriving at a proper diagnosis.
Medical History and Physical Examination
During these the doctor checks for recent infections, particularly of the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract, and any symptoms of joint pain, eye inflammation, skin rashes and lesions, or urinary problems.
The doctor will also assess the affected joints for signs of inflammation, such as swelling, warmth, and tenderness.
Laboratory Tests
Blood tests can detect markers of inflammation.
Urine, stool, or blood samples may be tested for bacteria such as chlamydia trachomatis, salmonella, campylobacter, shigella, and yersinia.
Joint Fluid Analysis
In some cases, a sample of joint fluid may be examined for signs of infection, inflammation, and the presence of crystals.
Imaging Studies
X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI, can help assess the extent of joint inflammation and rule out other conditions.
Reactive Arthritis Treatment
At Plexus, we believe that effective management of reactive arthritis requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes stem cell therapy, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. The goal is to reduce inflammation, manage symptoms, and address the underlying infection.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Reactive Arthritis
Stem cell therapy for reactive arthritis harnesses the regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The primary mechanisms include:
- Regeneration of Damaged Tissues: MSCs can differentiate into cartilage, bone, and other connective tissues, and help repair joint damage.
- Immunomodulation: MSCs release bioactive molecules that modulate immune responses. This helps reduce inflammation and prevents further damage to the joints.
- Secretion of Growth Factors: MSCs secrete growth factors and cytokines that promote tissue repair, reduce inflammation, and support the healing process.
Potential Benefits of Stem Cell Therapy for Reactive Arthritis
Stem cell therapy offers several potential benefits for individuals with reactive arthritis:
- No Side Effects: Conventional treatments often involve long-term use of medications with significant side effects. Stem cell therapy is a safer alternative.
- Long-Term Relief: Conventional treatments primarily focus on managing symptoms. Stem cell therapy, on the other hand, has the potential to address the underlying causes of joint damage and inflammation, offering more durable relief.
Read more about stem cell therapy at Plexus here.
Physical Therapy
Our highly skilled physical therapists design personalized exercise programs to improve and maintain joint flexibility, strengthen muscles, as well reduce pain. Techniques such as heat and cold therapy, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation may also be used to manage symptoms.
Read more about physical therapy at Plexus here.
Lifestyle Modifications
A better life is a fuller life! Making certain lifestyle modifications can help manage reactive arthritis and improve overall health. These modifications may include:
- Regular Exercise: This helps maintain joint function and reduce stiffness. Low-impact exercises, such as swimming, walking, and cycling, are particularly beneficial.
- Healthy Diet: A diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids, can help reduce inflammation and support overall health. Avoid processed foods, sugary drinks, and excessive alcohol.
- Stress Management: Managing stress through techniques such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing helps reduce symptoms and improves quality of life.
Early diagnosis and a comprehensive rehabilitation program can most certainly help reduce symptoms, prevent complications, and improve the quality of life for individuals with reactive arthritis.
To know more about our treatment programs, reach out to Team Plexus today.
WhatsApp +91 89048 42087
Call +91 78159 64668 (Hyderabad) | +91 82299 99888 (Bangalore)
FAQs
Can reactive arthritis be cured?
The symptoms of reactive arthritis can be managed with proper treatment. Most individuals experience improvement within a few months, though symptoms may recur. Traditional treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and managing pain through medications like NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and DMARDs. At Plexus, we offer comprehensive rehabilitation programs that include stem cell therapy and physical therapy to significantly improve quality of life.
What is the difference between Reiter’s syndrome and reactive arthritis?
Although Reiter’s syndrome and reactive arthritis are terms often used interchangeably, the former specifically refers to a triad of symptoms: arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis. On the other hand, reactive arthritis encompasses joint inflammation triggered by an infection, without necessarily having all three symptoms.
What is the best treatment for reactive arthritis?
Stem cell therapy is emerging as one of the most effective management strategies for reactive arthritis. Along with physical therapy and lifestyle changes, stem cell therapy helps manage symptoms and improve joint function.
Is walking good for reactive arthritis?
Walking can be beneficial for reactive arthritis as it helps maintain joint flexibility and muscle strength. Low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, or cycling are recommended to avoid putting excessive stress on the joints. Reach out to our physical therapists at our centres in Bangalore and Hyderabad for a personalized exercise regimen.
