Meningitis is a serious condition characterised by the inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation can result from various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This blog helps us understand meningitis disease, its causes, symptoms, as well as effective treatment approaches.
What is Meningitis?
The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. These layers protect the brain and spinal cord by providing a barrier against infections and maintaining cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the central nervous system.
Meningitis refers to the inflammation of the meninges. The condition disrupts the normal function of the brain and spinal cord, leading to severe and potentially life-threatening complications.
Causes of Meningitis
Meningitis can be caused by several different pathogens. Each one can result in distinct forms of the disease. Let’s take a look:
Bacterial Meningitis: This is the most severe form of meningitis. It requires immediate medical attention. Common bacteria that cause meningitis include streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and haemophilus influenzae. Bacterial meningitis typically leads to rapid deterioration. It has a high risk of complications and mortality if not treated promptly.
Treatment for Bacterial Meningitis: Immediate hospitalisation and administration of intravenous antibiotics are crucial. The choice of antibiotics depends on the specific bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, corticosteroids may be given to reduce inflammation and prevent further complications.
Viral Meningitis: More common but generally less severe than bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis is typically caused by enteroviruses. Other viruses such as herpes simplex virus, mumps virus, and HIV have also been linked to viral meningitis.
Treatment for Viral Meningitis: This form of meningitis often resolves on its own with supportive care, including rest, fluids, and pain relievers. In some cases, antiviral medications are prescribed for certain types of viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus.
Fungal Meningitis: Typically affecting individuals with weakened immune systems, this is a rare form of meningitis. Cryptococcus is a common fungal pathogen causing meningitis, particularly in people with AIDS.
Treatment for Fungal Meningitis: Antifungal medications are used to treat fungal meningitis. Since this type of meningitis generally lasts longer than for bacterial or viral meningitis, it may require prolonged hospitalisation.
Parasitic Meningitis: Though rare, parasitic infections can lead to meningitis. One of the most well-known parasites causing meningitis is naegleria fowleri, commonly referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba.”
Treatment for Parasitic Meningitis: Antiparasitic medications are generally the prescribed course of treatment. However, their outcomes can vary depending on the parasite as well as the stage of the infection when treatment begins.
Non-Infectious Meningitis: This can occur due to pre-existing conditions such as cancer, lupus, certain medications, or brain injuries. Even though it is not caused by an infection, this type of meningitis still results in inflammation of the meninges.
Treatment: The primary approach is to treat the underlying condition causing the inflammation.
Meningitis Disease Symptoms
Depending on the age of the patient and the cause of the inflammation, the symptoms of meningitis disease can vary However, for this blog we’ve listed the most common symptoms below:
- Severe headache – Often described as the worst headache of one’s life
- Skin rash – Particularly with meningococcal meningitis
- Stiff neck – Caused by pain and rigidity
- Confusion or altered mental state
- High fever (rapid onset)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Photophobia
- Seizures
In infants, symptoms can include:
- Irritability
- Poor feeding
- Bulging fontanel (soft spot on the head)
- Abnormal reflex response
Meningitis Related Diseases
Meningitis disease shares similar symptoms and/or causes with several diseases and conditions, such as:
- Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain itself, generally caused by viral infections. Symptoms can overlap with those of meningitis.
- Sepsis: A severe infection that can lead to widespread inflammation and organ failure. Bacterial meningitis is also known to lead to sepsis.
- Tuberculosis (TB): TB meningitis is a form of meningitis caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. It requires long term treatment, and is more common in areas with high TB prevalence.
Prevention and Vaccination
Preventing meningitis involves several strategies, including vaccination, good hygiene practices, and prompt treatment of underlying conditions. Key vaccines that protect against certain types of bacterial meningitis include:
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine: Protects against Hib bacteria
The Hib vaccine is administered in 3 doses in the first year of life – at 6, 10, and 14 weeks; a booster dose is administered at 16-18 months.
- Pneumococcal vaccine: Protects against streptococcus pneumoniae
The Pneumococcal vaccine is given four stages: the first at 2 months of age, then at 4 months, 6 months, and 12–15 months.
- Meningococcal vaccine: Protects against neisseria meningitidis
The Meningococcal vaccine must be administered between the ages of 11 and 12 years.
Good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals are important preventive measures. They can drastically lower the risk of viral meningitis. We also recommend maintaining a healthy immune system through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep.
Complications of Meningitis Disease
Meningitis can lead to severe complications, particularly if not treated promptly. These complications may include:
- Hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain; potentially requiring surgical intervention)
- Subdural effusion (Collection of fluid between the brain and its outer covering)
- Cognitive impairment (problems with memory, learning, and concentration)
- Hearing loss (most common complication)
- Persistent or recurrent seizures
If you or a loved one experiences any of the symptoms mentioned in this blog, seek medical attention immediately. Early intervention can save lives and improve outcomes.
If you wish to know more about meningitis disease, reach out to Team Plexus today.
WhatsApp +91 89048 42087
Call +91 78159 64668 (Hyderabad) | +91 82299 99888 (Bangalore)
FAQs
Can a person survive meningitis?
Of course! With timely diagnosis and treatment, many people have survived meningitis.
How can you avoid meningitis?
Vaccination, good hygiene, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals are key preventative measures.
How do people get meningitis?
Meningitis can be contracted through bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections.
Who is at risk for meningitis?
Infants, young children, and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk.
What is the first symptom of meningitis?
Severe headache is often the first symptom.
